- Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, commonly transmitted to humans through water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rodents, cattle, and dogs. - The disease is particularly prevalent during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, often surging due to urban flooding, waterlogging, and poor sanitation infrastructure. - Symptoms range from mild flu-like manifestations (fever, chills, headache, muscle aches) to severe, life-threatening complications such as Weil's disease, kidney damage, liver failure, and pulmonary hemorrhage. - Prevention and control require robust public health measures, safe drinking water, vector and rodent control, personal protective equipment for sanitation/agricultural workers, and public awareness campaigns. - **Leptospirosis:** A widespread bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira species, transmitted through water or soil contaminated with infected animal urine, and frequently surging during monsoons and urban flooding. **Introduction** This article provides a comprehensive overview of leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis caused by Leptospira species. It highlights modes of transmission (exposure to water/soil contaminated with animal urine), seasonal spikes during monsoons and urban flooding, clinical presentations ranging from mild febrile illness to severe multi-organ failure, and essential prevention strategies. **Core Issue and Detailed Points** - Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, commonly transmitted to humans through water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rodents, cattle, and dogs. - The disease is particularly prevalent during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, often surging due to urban flooding, waterlogging, and poor sanitation infrastructure. - Symptoms range from mild flu-like manifestations (fever, chills, headache, muscle aches) to severe, life-threatening complications such as Weil's disease, kidney damage, liver failure, and pulmonary hemorrhage. - Prevention and control require robust public health measures, safe drinking water, vector and rodent control, personal protective equipment for sanitation/agricultural workers, and public awareness campaigns. **Key Statutory Bodies, Acts & Concepts** - **Leptospirosis:** A widespread bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira species, transmitted through water or soil contaminated with infected animal urine, and frequently surging during monsoons and urban flooding.