- India is undergoing a demographic transition with a rapidly growing elderly population, shifting from a young nation to an ageing society. - Ageing population presents critical challenges including healthcare burdens, lack of social security, pension sustainability issues, and erosion of traditional family support systems. - Simultaneously, the silver economy creates emerging opportunities in healthcare technology, senior care services, pharmaceuticals, and utilizing the wisdom and experience of senior citizens. - Policy responses require strengthening geriatric healthcare infrastructure, expanding pension coverage, promoting financial literacy, and building robust community care models. **Introduction** The article examines the socio-economic implications of India's demographic transition toward an ageing population. It analyzes both the challenges—such as strain on healthcare systems, lack of formal social security, and shrinking workforce—and the opportunities, notably the rise of the silver economy and geriatric care markets. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive policy measures covering health, finance, and social infrastructure. **Core Issue and Detailed Points** - India is undergoing a demographic transition with a rapidly growing elderly population, shifting from a young nation to an ageing society. - Ageing population presents critical challenges including healthcare burdens, lack of social security, pension sustainability issues, and erosion of traditional family support systems. - Simultaneously, the silver economy creates emerging opportunities in healthcare technology, senior care services, pharmaceuticals, and utilizing the wisdom and experience of senior citizens. - Policy responses require strengthening geriatric healthcare infrastructure, expanding pension coverage, promoting financial literacy, and building robust community care models.